Sino-European science and technology collaboration on personalized medicine: overview, trends and future perspectives.

Aim: Personalized medicine (PM) is revolutionizing biomedical and clinical research while improving the ways healthcare is delivered. The EU is at the forefront of science and innovation in this field, increasing collaborations worldwide. This paper aims to assess the status of recent collaborations between Europe and China in PM-related science, technology and funded research. Methods: We analyze scientific literature, patents and funding programs, respectively. Results: PM is a scientific and industrial priority in both geographical areas, but current levels of collaboration are suboptimal. To increase these levels, policy makers should promote cooperation between researchers, innovators, industries, regulators, funding agencies and healthcare systems, while providing a forum to exchange best practices, define common guidelines for PM implementation and promote public-private partnerships.

The evolution of personalized healthcare and the pivotal role of European regions in its implementation.

Personalized medicine (PM) moves at the same pace of data and technology and calls for important changes in healthcare. New players are participating, providing impulse to PM. We review the conceptual foundations for PM and personalized healthcare and their evolution through scientific publications where a clear definition and the features of the different formulations are identifiable. We then examined PM policy documents of the International Consortium for Personalised Medicine and related initiatives to understand how PM stakeholders have been changing. Regional authorities and stakeholders have joined the race to deliver personalized care and are driving toward what could be termed as the next personalized healthcare. Their role as a key stakeholder in PM is expected to be pivotal.